Controlling of cotton leafworm using some manufacturing Botanical formulations

Three synthetic botanical materials which are Camphour, Menthol and Thymol were prepared as suitable fromulations: Camphour as 25% emulsifable concentrate, both Menthol and Thymol as 20% concentrated emulion. Prepared formulations sprayed on tomato plants at concentrations 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (V. /V.). Direct effect on present 2 and 4 instar larvae of cotton leafworm was determined by takeing tomato leaves samples directly after spraying and introducing these leaves samples to larvae in laboratory, for studying latent effect,treated leaves samples were taken each two days and introduced to the rest alive larvae ,mortality counts was recorded each two days,then mortality percentages were calculated.Residual effect was determined by the same method mentioned before,by taking leaves samples after 7 days of treatment and introduchngto larvae in laboratory, other samples taken each two days and introduced to the rest alive larvae. Antifeedent effect also was determined by determination the consumed amount of treated tomato leaves and untreated, then reduction percentage in food consumed was calculated. Results obtained indicated that the tested matrials at all tested concentrations showed hightoxic effect directly against the present larvae or residual after7days against new infestation if occurred .Also, the tested materials showed antifeedent effect against 4 instar larvae to be more than 50% at 1% concentration. For economic consideration,concentration 1% could be recommended for controlling larvae of cotton leafworm infested tomato.

Among of these insects the cotton leafwormSpodopteralittoralis (Boisd) is a polyphagous insect, is akey pest of cotton and other crop in the Mediterranean area and middle eastern countries (Campion et al., 1977;Gomez-Clemente and Delrivero, 1951;Nasr et al., 1984;Ahmad, 1988;Dominguez, 1993) known to infest approximately 112 host plants belonging to different families.
Awide range of chemicals have been marketing for controlling pests because its effectiveness and speed controlling of insect pests (Omar et al., 1996, Elfakharany 2005).Also plant oil was used because cheaper and more safe to human and environment Abd-Elaziz et al., (2002) El fakharany (2005 and 2010) Appiagyei (2010) and Mochiah et al., (2011) indicated the effect of petroleum oil and plant oil against insect pests and predators.
Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of these three manufacturing botanical formulations (Camphour, Menthol and Thynol) for controlling S .littoralis in addition to evaluate the residual effect of these treatment against 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae of cotton leafworm.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present work was conducted to study both direct and latent effect of three manufacturing botanical formulations on both 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae of cotton leafwormSpodopteralittoralis (Boisd).

Manufacturing potenical formulation
Camphour 99%: is a waxy,white or transparent solid with a strong odor.Alaboratory reared culture of cotton leafworm according El-defrawi et al., (1964) was used synchronized second instars larvae were choose for the experiment.
The insecticidal activity of these three treatments was assessed on 2 nd and 4 th instars larvae of S. littoralis three concentration 20,15 and 10 ml/liter were used for each manufacturing potenical formulations.

Expermintal design:
The experiment was conducted according to Ministry of Agriculture Protocol(1993) and Mohmed et al., (2001).In 2013 tomato grown field at Banha district, Qalubyia Governorate.The experiment area which was 4 kerate were divided into three plots (one for each treatment).In addition to 1kerate for untreated control, each plot was divided into three for each concentration.

Procedures of evaluation: Initial and latent toxicity against larvae of cotton leafworm:
This experiment represents the effect against present infestation which was carried out by taking tomato leaves samples directly after spraying when plant became dry then treated leaves were transferred to the laboratory and introduced to 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae of cotton leafworm,Spodopteralittoralis (Boisd).Under constant conditions of 25˚C±1 and 70 ± 5 % RH.three replicate for each treatment each have 15 larvae.For studying the latent effect against treated leaves other samples were taken each 2days from field continuously and introduced to the rest alive larvae.
Mortality count was recorded each 2days then mortality percentages were calculated.
Residual activity of different treatment against larvae of cotton leaf worm: Tomato leaves samples were taken after 7 days of spraying and introduced to 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae in laboratory, other samples were taken each two days and introduced to the rest alive larvae.Mortality count were recorded each 2days then mortality percentages were calculated.
Antifeedent effect of the different treatment against 4 th instar larvae of cotton leaf worm: New moulted 4 th instar larvae were fed on tomato leaves accurately weighed, previously dipped in concentration 2,1,0.5 and 0.25 % for each material compared with control which fed on untreated leaves,3 replicate each have 15 larvae.After 24 hrs. of feeding ,the rest leaves were weighedin each replicate, then consumped of amount of leaves were calculated and antifeedent effect were calculated as Waldbouer (1968) equation Antifeedent: % Reduction in food consumption = Cc -Ct X 100 Cc Where: Cc= Cosumped amount in untreated Ct= Consumped amount in treated

AND DISCUSSION
The insecticidal efficiency in this study includes studying both toxicity and antifeedent effectof the tested materials.Toxicity of the tested botanical formulations against larvae of cotton leafworm.Toxicity against present infestation: Results shown in Table 1 about the toxicity against 2 nd instar larvae and in table 2 about the toxicity against 4 th instar larvae of cotton leafworm indicated that: the toxicity increased as both concentration and period of feeding with treated leaves increased.It showed be said there are different between different concentrations in toxicity after 2 days of feeding, this differentiation in toxicity increased after 4days of feeding to reach the same effect (100% mortality) after 6 days of feeding.Also, indicated that there are already similar toxicity between 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae.Residual effect: Results in table 3 about the residual toxicity after 7days of spray against 2 nd instar larvae in table 4 against 4 th instar larvae indicated that the effect increased as concentration and period of feeding with treated leaves increased to be 100% mortality after 4days of feeding for all tested materials at all tested concentrations.Results of direct toxicity and residual toxicity indicated that the materials showed high direct and residual toxicity against two tested instar larvae.This mean that spraying with this materials are effective against present infestation and new infestation after 7days of spraying.Results of toxicity for these botanical materials against larvae of cotton leaf worm.The results obtained agree with Abdel-All (2012) who studied the effect of four plant oils Mentha Pluegium, Onion, Mustard and Garlic in controlling cotton leafworm, Spodopteralittoralis. Also, Abdel-Wahab (2002) who studied the biological and biochemical effect of some potenical extracts on cotton leafworm.,El-Ghareeb (1992) found that Chlorfluazuorn was toxic than Diflubenzuron against 3 rd and 5 th instar larvae of Spodopteralittoralis in the laboratory.Also Bayoumi et al., (1998)   Antifeedent effect: Results in table 5 about the antifeedent effect of the tested botanical materials against 4 th instar larvae, the most seriously instar in feeding, indicated that all tested concentrations decreased the amount of food consumption than untreated, and this effect was increased as concentration increased, therefore, % antifeedent which expressed % reduction in food consumption which mean protection of treated plant from feeding with this harm stage increase as concentration increased to be more than 50% at 1% concentration.Results of antifeeedent effect against larvae of cotton leafworm are agree with El-Gengahi et al., (1996) who found a significant reduction in the food consumed and a considerable decrease in the body weight gained by the larvae Spodopteralittoralis (Boisd) and Agrotisipsilon offered caster bean leaves treated with different plant extracts.Also Benard et al., (1991) found that the growth rate of Spodopteralittoralis treated with Cyfluthrin was reduced and reduction in weight gain was not compensated until the end of the 4 th instar.Sandidad vegetal, Plagas, vol.24, No. 3, pp.499-506, 21 ref. Bernard, L.;Lagadic, L. and Echaubard, M. (1991): Effects of Cyfluthin on growth and food consumption in the 4 th larval instar of Spodopteralittoralis (Boisd), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Mededelingen van de Facutteit Landbouwwet-

Table 1 :
Insecticidal efficiency of the tested materials against 2 nd instar larvae of cotton leafworm infested tomato leaves.

Table 2 :
Insecticidal efficiency of the tested materials against 4 th instar larvae of cotton leafworm infested tomato leaves.

Table 3 :
Residual activity of the tested materials against 4 th instar larvae of cotton leavewrm infested tomato leave after 7 days of treatment.

Table 4 :
Residual activity of the tested materials against 4 th instar larvae of cotton leavewrm infested tomato leave after 7 days of treatment.

Table 5 :
Antifeedant effect of the tested materials against 4 th instar larvae of cotton leafworm.