Monitoring Effects of Pheromone with Some Bio and Chemical Insecticides in Controlling Heliothis armigera on Tomato Plant

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INTRODUCTION
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) belongs to the family Solanaceae is one of the most popular and important vegetable crop.Tomato is susceptible to insect attack from seedling to fruiting stage.All parts of the plant including leaves, stems, flowers and fruits are subjected to attack.Tomato is attacked by a number of pests including Tomato fruit worm Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) armigera) larvae of fruit worm are polyphagus it can attack tomato fruit at any stage of growth decreasing its market value (Gajete et al. 2004).The production and productivity of the tomato crop is greatly hampered by the fruit borer, H. armigera which causes damage to developing fruits and results in yield loss ranging from 20 to 60% (Tewari and Krishnamoorthy, 1984;Lal and Lal, 1996).
Due to wider host range, multiple generations, migratory behavior, high fecundity and existing insecticide resistance this insect became a difficult pest to tackle (Hussain et al., 1991 andAhmed et al., 2000).Tomato fruit borer Heliothis armigera (Hub.) has been identified as a major pest of tomato in many countries of the world and cause damage to the extent of about 50-60 per cent fruits (Singh and Singh, 1977).Tomato fruit borer is a versatile and widely distributed polyphagous insect, belonging to the family Noctuidae of the order Lepidoptera.
Parasitoids, Trichogramma chilonis are well known due to efficiency and multiplication (Parra and Zucchi, 2004).The success behind the Trichogrammma is their dispersal.They rapidly dispersed in the field and attack the target organism (Jeffrey et al., 2012).Insecticides used for the management of insect pests of different crops, caused the resistance and resurgence development in insects as well as environmental and health hazards.Due to that, integrated pest management (IPM) trends replaced insecticidal management.Similarly, H. armigera populations were managed through host plant resistance along with other methods such as botanicals and insecticides application (Lukefahr, 1981).The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemical pesticides to control this pest resulted in development of resistance and harmful pesticide residues in fruits (Armes et al., 1992(Armes et al., , 1994)).Management of Helicoverpa armigera relies heavily on insecticides, often to the exclusion of other methods of management.A number of insecticides have been found reported to be effective for controlling H. armigera on pigeonpea (Ujagir, 2000).Organophosphates and pyrethroids insecticides are still used for H. armigera control, but their use may be eliminated with the introduction of several new insecticides (e.g.spinosad, abamectin, Pyriproxyfen, indoxacarb) (Razaq et al., 2007).Insecticides are currently the key of H. armigera management in almost all cropping systems around the worldwide (Yang et al. 2005).Natural pesticides are good alternative to synthetic pesticides because they are safe to environment, natural enemies, humans and other animals, e.g.most botanical pesticides have low to moderate mammalian toxicity (Hassan, 1992).The main objective of study is the determination of the efficacy of four bio-insecticides and one chemical insecticide with pheromone and Trichogramma were evaluated for their effectiveness in the control of Heliothis armigera infesting tomato plant in the field.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This experiment was conducted in the field of Etay-El-baroud Agriculture Research station, Beheira Governorate, during the period from March 201٣ (spring season) to June 2013 (summer season) to evaluate some bio-chemical insecticides against mal moth of (Heliothis armigera) to pest management practice in tomato.But the experiment of evaluate the efficacy the spinosad treatment on the same insect in two varieties from tomato plant (supper strean and casle rock) through the period of ( 29

Pheromone trap
For conducting the present study, water trap (YWPT) was used.It consists of rectangle plastic frame each side measuring 35 x 25 cm long and 6 cm deep.Every trap baited with one capsule containing 2mg of mixture of Heliothis pheromones.Traps were positioned at 20 cm above the crop.Pheromone capsules were changed and replaced by new one every 7 days.The trap is filled with soapy water which acted as a catching where as the soap watering.Trap was renewed every week and increased some water to overcome the evaporation of water, every 7 days checked and the numbers of captured adult males were counted.

Tomato varieties
In this experiment the following tow tomato varieties were used in the present studies supper 55 and supper 550.
These varieties are commonly cultivated in Egypt for local consumption.

Design and Layout of the Experiment:
In this respect area of about 700 m 2 was chosen to be cultivated by two varieties of tomato, supper 55 and supper 550.All area was divided into 12 plots.The plots were arranged in completely randomized blocks design with two varieties and each variety was replicated three times.The layout of the experiment was prepared for distributing the treatment combinations in each plot of each block.The samples were kept in a tightly closed paper bags and transferred to the laboratory in the same day for inspection by the binocular microscope.All plots received normal agriculture practices and were kept free of any insecticides treatments.

Statistical analysis:
The data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by L.S.D. test at 0.05 levels, using SAS program (SAS Institute, 1988).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of treatments in controlling
Heliothis armigera on tomato plants.

Control
Our view has been supported by Mehta et al (2010), studied the role of Nimbicidine, Neemzal in the suppression of H.armigera larval population in the tomato field.Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE 5%) was found most effective in reducing the larval population and pod damage by Prasad and Roy (2011).Abbas and El-Dakroury (1988) and Ali & Young (1996) observed that the susceptibility of Helicoverpa to both conventional and biological insecticides tends to decline with increasing age and size.Janardhan et al (1999) reported antifeedent and insecticidal properties of certain plant extracts against H.armigera.Azadirachtin interaction with developpment of H. armigera was recorded growth inhibitory and antifeedent activity of extracts from Melia dubia by Koul et al (2000).The results of this study are in conformity with Ravi et al., (2008) found that application of microbial and neemazol were equally effective as that of the sequential application of synthetic chemical insecticides, e.g.Endosulfan, Quinolphos and Indoxacarb in reducing H. armigera larval population and fruit damage.Also, Ravi et al., (2008) who reported that indaxacarb when tested with some other biopesticides reduced the population of H. armigera (Hubner) from 10.75 to 0.75 after 1 spray and it was rapid in action.Chowdary et al. (2010) who reported that chlorantr-aniliprole 20 SC was effective against okra fruit borer, H. armigera at 30 g a.i.ha-1 and 20 g a.i.ha-1.Also, this results agreement with (Chari et al., 1995) showed that some of the microbial were effective for the control of H. armigera which included bacteria, B. thuringiensis.Spinosad allowed natural parasitism by Trichogramma sp.Aspect of biological activities of Spinosad to larvae of H. virescens and other lepidopteran insects were described by Sparks et al. (1995).These results are in similarity with those of (Davies et al., 2011) who reported the efficiency of Trichogramma westwood on H. armegera in cotton crop and suggested that Trichogramma alone can also give good result but if it combined with other control strategy so the efficiency will be ncreased, an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy was used.Cabello et al. (2012) used Trichogramma cards in green house for management of another lepidopterous borer (South American tomato pinworm) and found it very effective.Also, Alam et al. (2012) evaluated IPM package (weekly release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens, larval parasitoid Bracon hebetor and use of pheromone trap) against fruits borers of late winter tomato.They observed that IPM package resulting 74.5% reduction of fruit infestation over non-IPM package (spraying of Proclaim 5SG1g l -1 ).

Effect of Spinosad treatment on Heliothis armigera in two varieties of tomato crop fruits:
Effect on number of Heliothis armigera male moths.Data in tables (4, 5) and Figures (3,4) showed the efficacy the Spinosad treatment on mal moth of Heliothis armigera on two Tomato varieties, supper strean and casle rock through the period of (29/6/2014 to 16/9/2014), on the basis of mean number of male moths /trap/week.The results indicated the efficacy of the treatment on supper streann was higher than casle rock.Which given number means 2.00 comparing 2.5 for casle rock.
The results indicate also, that it can recommend use the treatment on supper streann.These results are in agreement with Ghosh et al., (2010) who reported that Spinosad 73 to 84 gm a.i./ha was effective against H. armigera on tomato than Quinalphos, Lambda cyhalothrin and Cypermethrin.Similar results were also obtained by Reddy et al. (2007) who reported that Spinosad 45% SC 0.3 and 0.2ml was the best treatment against pod borers followed by Indoxacarb 14.5% SC 1.0 and 0.5ml.Our present findings on the efficacy of Spinosad are similar with the findings of Sidde Gowda et al. (2003).Nannini et al., (2011) found that in all tests, Spinosad proved to be highly effective against tomato borer larvae.

Fig. 1 :
Fig. 1: Weekly number of H. armigera male moth on tomato plants after use sex pheromone trap catches during spring season plantation, 2013.

Fig. 2 :
Fig. 2: Weekly number of H. armigera male moth on tomato plants after use sex pheromone trap catches during summer plantation, 2013.

Fig. 3 :
Fig. 3: Effect of Spinosad on number male moth of H. armigera in tomato plant of one variety (Supper strean) after infections.

Fig. 4 :
Fig. 4: Effect of Spinosad on number male moth of H. armigera in tomato plant of one varieties (Casle rock) after infections.

Gaffar, 2013 &Cabello et al., 2009).
The rate of release of each treatment was (136000 individuals/release/182 m 2 , divided into 5 paper cards; each card contained almost 3000 individual) use 3 replicates and the distance between the cards 6 meters was obtained from Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt.

Table 1 :
Weekly number of H. armigera male moth on tomato plants after use sex pheromone trap catches during spring plantation, 2013.

Table 2 :
Weekly number of H. armigera male moth on tomato plants after use sex pheromone trap catches during summer plantation, 2013.

Table 3 :
Comparisons with pheromone trap catches of Heliothis armigera moth on tomato plants during the spring and summer plantation, 2013

Table 4 :
Effect of Spinosad on number male moth of H. armigera in tomato plant of one varietie (supper strean) after infections.

Table 5 :
Effect of Spinosad on number male moth of H. armigera in tomato plant of one varietie (casle rock) after infections.