Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
Abstract
In the context of field vegetable crops and through 75 field trials, the direct count technique (100 leaves/ crop/ site/ date) was practiced to collect field data. The study included 4 crops; tomato, potato, cucumber, and pepper cultivated in open fields, and cucumber and pepper, cultivated in greenhouses (GH) through the period 2013-2016. The field trials were 29, 12, 9 and 7 in tomato, potato, cucumber and pepper fields and 16 and 2 in tomato and pepper greenhouses, respectively, conducted at: 33, 20, and 22 in Menoufia, Fayoum and Behera (Nubaria) Governorates, Egypt. Non-target pests and beneficials considered were: Bemesia tabaci (Genn.) Aphis gossypii (Glov.), jassids and Tetranychus urticae Kock as non-target pests and Coccinella undicumpunctata L., Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) as predators. Twenty-six pesticides targeted the insect pests and mites, and 10 targeted the plant diseases were applied. Based on the IOBC classification, almost all pesticides used (different groups) showed different mortality rates and population reductions, ranged between the toxicity levels of 2–4, represented by 11, 28 and 12 pesticides at the levels 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Eight pesticides; Actellic, Chess, Commando, Imaxi, Proclaim, Rodiant, Super actara, and Tafaban were recorded as class 4, to non-target pests as well to the predators. For the predators, only the highest toxicity levels 3 and 4 were recorded. Therefore, selectivity of pesticides to non-target beneficial arthropods should be a key data for the implementation of IPM programs. Random analysis of pesticide residues in fruits showed some residue (6 compounds and/or microbes) in the fruits of pepper.
Keywords
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